BeBox is a Haiku application that emulates Be Inc.'s BeBox

BeBox is a Haiku application that emulates Be Inc.'s BeBox, the dual-processor computer that BeOS was born on. It runs both PowerPC models from their original boot ROMs, with BeOS for PowerPC from Developer Release 6 through R5.0.3. It also runs the Hobbit prototypes that came before them, built around two AT&T Hobbit processors, with Be's 1993-94 system from their surviving disks.

The window shows the emulated screen between the two front panel LED columns (the "blinkenlights"), sixteen light pipe segments each: a CPU load bar of fifteen LEDs over the power LED (left) or the disk LED (right), lime and amber like the real ones (or red and green, if you prefer).

• Both processors (a PowerPC 603/603e interpreter with the 603's software TLB), the MPC105 bridge, the BeBox interrupt and CPU control registers.
• Boot ROM: the nub and main ROM in a writable flash (BeOS's ROM updater works), NVRAM and real time clock.
• Video: Number Nine #9 GXE64 (S3 Vision864, AT&T 21C498 RAMDAC) with its graphics engine, the default; or Cirrus Logic CL-GD5434. 640x480 to 1280x1024, 8 and 32 bits per pixel (what the BeOS drivers offer).
• Sound: Crystal CS4231A codec, played through the Haiku media kit.
• AT keyboard and PS/2 mouse; four game ports (axes and buttons).
• Storage: NCR 53C810 SCSI (disks and CD-ROMs on IDs 0-6), IDE, floppy.
• Four serial ports: to a console window, a TCP server or client, a host serial port or a log file.
• Ethernet: an NE2000 compatible ISA card on a private network behind the host (NAT, through libslirp): the BeBox reaches the host and the Internet, and host ports can be forwarded to it.
• Shared folders: a Haiku folder appears to BeOS as a SCSI disk it can read and write; the changes come back to the folder when BeOS shuts down.

Not emulated yet: the parallel port, GeekPort, MIDI and infrared ports.

• The BeBox boot ROMs, which are not included: bootnub.rom (16 KB) and bootmain.rom (Be Boot ROM 1.1d7) from a BeBox, in a folder of your choice.
• BeOS for PowerPC: CD images (ISO, BIN/CUE or Toast).
• For the releases with the Be File System (Advanced Access to R5): a newer boot ROM, which the Preview Release 2, R3 and R4.5 CDs carry as /beos/etc/bebox_bootmain.image (Advanced Access, Preview Release 1 and R5 use one of those). BeBox extracts it for you (see below).

1. Open Machine > Preferences > ROM & NVRAM and choose the folder with the ROMs. For a BFS release, choose its CD image as Boot ROM image: BeBox copies the boot ROM from the CD (PR2's also boots Advanced Access and PR1).
2. In Storage, put the CD image on a SCSI ID as CD-ROM (ID 3 is the classic choice), and give another ID a disk for installing: Choose... opens a file panel whose New disk image... button makes one right there (in the folder the panel shows) and puts it on that ID.
3. Machine > Power on. The newer boot ROMs stop at their boot menu when no boot volume is set yet: press Return.

Changes to the hardware restart the machine. A device type set without a file is turned back into "None" when the preferences are saved.

Before the PowerPC BeBox, Be built its machine around two AT&T 92010 "Hobbit" processors, three AT&T DSP3210 signal processors and the BeBus. A few prototypes survive with their disks, running Be's 1993-94 system: a window server, a console, the Browser and its dock.

What is emulated:

• Both Hobbit processors (an interpreter written from AT&T's programmer's reference: the stack cache, the MMU, the timers, the event sequences).
• The board: its I/O and interrupt registers, the processor resets, the floppy DMA; the PC compatible I/O chips (keyboard and PS/2 mouse, real time clock, two serial ports, floppy) and the NCR 53C94 SCSI controller.
• The video card: a Trident VGA with an XGA style graphics engine on the BeBus (640x480 or 800x600, 256 colors, as the window servers set it).

Not emulated: the three DSPs and what hangs off them (sound, the telephone and modem), the Ethernet card, the joystick controller and the parallel port. The system starts without them (its sound server reports an error).

No boot ROM of these machines survives, so BeBox does the boot ROM's job: it loads /system/kernel from the boot volume (the floppy if one is inserted, else the SCSI disk with the lowest ID) and starts it. To run one:

1. In Preferences > Machine, choose Hobbit prototype and 4, 8, 16, 20 or 32 MB of memory (the sizes its kernel knows).
2. In Storage, put a Hobbit disk image on a SCSI ID as a disk. To run a kernel of your own instead of the disk's, choose it in ROM & NVRAM > Hobbit kernel.
3. Machine > Power on. The kernel reports its progress on serial port 1 (give it a console window in Serial to watch).

Notes:

• The November 1994 disks start /system/Browser, which they have as /system/browser: the console comes up instead (the real machines did the same). Type /system/browser & in it to start the Browser.
• The floppy drive is the kernel's drive 1.
• The system writes to its disk (swap files and more): keep a copy of your images, or use them through QCOW2 overlays (bebox-img create -b IMAGE OVERLAY.qcow2).
• The front panel lights are hidden: the Hobbit's kernel drives none.

The installer floppy and disks 1of7 to 7of7 install the November 1994 system (the one on the "pixels" disk) on a new disk. The installer floppy has no window of its own: its /system/Browser copies a minimal system (kernel, servers, shell, /Installer) from the floppy to the first hard disk, without asking and without showing anything but the pointer. Boot it only with the disk to install on: it replaces the system files of any other Hobbit disk it finds.

1. Put a copy of a Hobbit disk (or an overlay of one) on SCSI ID 0, and a new disk image on ID 1 (in Storage, the ID's file panel has New disk image...; 120 MB works, the original disks have 120 to 170 MB). Power on, type /bin/format in the console, choose the SCSI disk with ID 1, give the volume a name, then 0 to leave. Power off.
2. Take the Hobbit disk off ID 0 and put the new disk there instead. Insert the installer floppy and power on. After about a minute (the pointer is all you see), power off and eject the floppy.
3. Power on: the console comes up from the new disk. Type /Installer, click Begin, then insert 1of7 (Media > Insert floppy...) and click Continue, and so on up to 7of7. The Installer then uncompresses, verifies and extracts the archive (a few minutes), and Install finishes: "Installation complete". When it starts uncompressing, the console shows VOLUME:/_install_/archive.Z: System Error 0: harmless, and a real Hobbit did the same (compress deletes the archive while it still has it open, which this file system refuses; the Installer removes it at the end).
4. Restart, and type /system/browser & to start the Browser.
5. Optionally, run /Installer again with update.img as disk #1: Be's update of 28 November 1994 (a fixed storage_server and the Phone answering machine's spoken prompts in /system/phone, as on the "be" disk).

Each release likes a machine of its own (its boot ROM, its disks, maybe the 133 MHz model), so the machine is kept in a profile: everything in the preferences except Keyboard & mouse and the LED look, plus the boot ROM flash (with the boot ROM updates BeOS installs) and the NVRAM (with the boot volume). Machine > Profile lists the profiles to switch between (a running BeBox restarts with the other one), and has New profile... (a copy of the current profile, under a name like "BeOS5 133 MHz" or "DR8 66 32 MB"), Rename and Delete. The status line shows the current profile. Profiles are folders in ~/config/settings/BeBox/Profiles/; the settings from before profiles became the profile "Default".

"-" means not tried yet. The DR8.2 image is a Mac updater, and the R4 image is x86 only. The boot ROM from the R3 CD works with every release tested here, so one profile with it can run them all.

DR6 predates the 1.1d7 boot ROM: BeBox hands its kernel the PCI device table in the older format it expects. Install it as the CD says: boot the CD, run the Installer from the dock, format the SCSI disk ("Format:" in the left pop-up menu), then install onto it and make it the startup disk. DR6's mouse driver moves the pointer twice as far left and down as right and up (that is DR6, not the emulation). The Developer Releases' date prints the year as years since 1900 (126 for 2026).

• While the window is active, the keyboard belongs to the BeBox. Click the screen to capture the mouse; the host key, right Control, releases it. Keyboard & mouse in the preferences picks another host key and sets the mouse speed.
• Game ports in the preferences connects host joysticks to the four sticks (two per game port, as with Y cables).
• The status line shows the floppy, CD and hard disk (with the disk activity); click the floppy to insert one.
• Machine has the power, reset and interrupt switches, and restarts with the boot menu or with kernel debug output on serial port 4 (that holds F1 at power on, as on a real BeBox). Send Ctrl+Alt+Delete gives BeOS the keys Haiku keeps for itself: BeOS R3 and later show their Team Monitor, and restart when it is sent again.
• The two processors run on two host cores when both are busy (Preferences > Advanced, on by default): up to nearly twice as fast, which the 133 MHz model needs on slower computers. The status line shows the speed in percent of a real BeBox.
• Tools > Serial console shows a serial port connected to a console.
• View shows the screen at actual or double size or fitted to the window, and shows or hides the LEDs.

In Preferences > Network, turn on the Ethernet card (port 300h, IRQ 5 by default, as Be's software expects). In BeOS's Network preferences, add a "Novell NE2000 compatible adapter (ISA)" with the same port and IRQ, and choose DHCP (R4.5) or set IP 10.0.2.15, mask 255.255.255.0, gateway 10.0.2.2 and DNS 10.0.2.3 by hand. The host is 10.0.2.2 from the BeBox. Forwarded host ports (tcp:2121:21, tcp:2323:23) make services running in BeOS reachable from the host.

In Preferences > Storage, make a SCSI ID a Shared folder and choose a Haiku folder. At power on BeBox copies the folder, with its attributes (file types, icons), to a fresh BFS volume that BeOS mounts like any disk; the releases with BFS (Advanced Access and later) can use it. When BeOS has shut down (Be menu > Shut Down) and the BeBox is powered off, BeOS's changes go back to the folder: new and changed files, attributes, deletions. A file changed on both sides meanwhile keeps the Haiku version, and BeOS's is saved next to it as "NAME (BeBox)". If BeOS did not shut down cleanly, the volume is kept and given back to BeOS at the next power on, so that it can repair it first. As the whole folder is copied at every power on, keep it small.

Hard disks are raw images or QCOW2 images, which only take the space that is written (thin provisioning) and can be overlays of a backing image. bebox-img manages them, and reads files from BeOS volumes (BFS) and from the Hobbit prototypes' disks:

bebox-img create [-f raw|qcow2] [-b BACKING] FILE SIZE
bebox-img info FILE
bebox-img check FILE
bebox-img convert [-O raw|qcow2] SOURCE DESTINATION
bebox-img ls IMAGE [PATH]
bebox-img attr IMAGE PATH
bebox-img extract IMAGE PATH OUTPUT

For example bebox-img extract "BeOS Release 3 PowerPC.iso" /beos/etc/bebox_bootmain.image r3.rom.

On a Hobbit disk, extract also copies whole directories (/ for the whole disk) into a new folder, keeping the files' dates, and ls shows the files' types and creators: bebox-img extract hobbit-930800009.img / pixels. No BeOS release reads the Hobbit's file system (DR6 to DR8 have a later, incompatible version of it, the others BFS), so this is the way to its files: extract them, then give the folder to a BFS release as a shared folder. The Hobbit's programs do not run on the PowerPC; its sources, headers, text and pictures are what is useful.

The machine window answers hey:

hey BeBox get Running of Window BeBox          # also set ... to true/false
hey BeBox get Speed of Window BeBox            # percent of real time
hey BeBox get LedLevels of Window BeBox        # left, right (0-15)
hey BeBox get SerialLog 4 of Window BeBox      # a console port's output
hey BeBox set Floppy of Window BeBox to /path/disk.img
hey BeBox type of Window BeBox with text=ls    # types on the keyboard
hey BeBox shot of Window BeBox with path=/tmp/screen.png

Also get Mips, get EmulatedTime, get DiskLed, get AudioStats (the sound output's counters: underruns are gaps), get Profiles, get Profile and set Profile (switches, restarting a running machine), and the commands pwon, pwof, rset and cadl (Ctrl+Alt+Delete). Replies come after the action.

BeBox [--profile NAME] [--rom-dir DIR] [--boot-rom IMAGE] [--model 66|133|hobbit] [--kernel FILE] [--ram MB] [--video s3|cirrus] [--scsiN-disk FILE] [--scsiN-cd FILE] [--scsiN-share FOLDER] [--ide0 FILE] [--floppy FILE] [--net] [--net-forward SPEC] [--power-on] sets up the machine (the settings are kept). --profile switches to a profile first, making it as a copy of the current one if there is none; the other options change that profile.

bebox-headless runs a machine without a window, for tests and debugging: serial ports to files or TCP, scripted keys and mouse clicks, screenshots, instruction traces, memory dumps and watches. bebox-headless --help lists the options.

On Haiku (with haiku_devel, zlib_devel and libslirp_devel): make builds the app; package/build-package.sh builds the app and the tools and creates the package.

The emulator core is portable C++17 and is tested on Linux:

• make -C tests/linux check: processor tests (against qemu-ppc as an oracle), Hobbit processor tests, multiprocessor and device tests, QCOW2 tests (against qemu-img), under AddressSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer.
• tests/boot-regression.sh: boots each BeOS release headless (the media and installed disks go in work/) and the Hobbit disks (in Hobbit/), through throwaway overlays.
• tests/vm-test.sh user@haiku-host: builds the app on a Haiku machine and drives it with hey.

design/ describes the hardware and the emulator's design.

• Claude Opus 5.5
• John Rash

MIT, see LICENSE. The application icon (artwork/BeBox.hvif) is by zuMi, under the MIT License. The icons in artwork/icons come from Haiku's icon set (MIT, Haiku, Inc.). The BeBox ROMs and BeOS are not part of this project.