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The Birth of the American 12-string Guitar (2013)

To re-cap:  

Evolution and Rise of the American 12-String Guitar
as postulated by Gregg Miner

  • Feb 8, 1896: Carl E. Brown, a musical instrument inventor, submits a patent for a new 10-string guitar he dubs “the Harp-Guitar.” It has a pear-shaped body; the 4 low courses are strung in octaves, while the 2 high strings are single. There is a lever to grab the 4 high extra strings and move them out of playing position. He already has a prototype hanging in a local music store.

  • Sep 22, 1896: The patent is granted.

  • Fall of 1896: Brown engages two different firms to build it – the Hamilton Gordon Company and the Rene Grunewald Company. Gordon will make theirs in the shape of the patent design; Grunewald will make the body with a traditional guitar shape. Each is called “The Harp-Guitar,” licensed and protected under Brown’s patent.

  • 1896-to-1899: In The Music Trade Review, Brown’s invention is mentioned 3 times, the Gordon version is shown once, and the Grunewald is featured at least 6 times.

  • c.1900-1901:

    • Sometime between late 1898 and late 1902, Grunewald has doubled the two remaining high strings, creating a production 12-string guitar, still called “The Harp-Guitar,” and possibly still under the original Brown patent (this still remains unanswered).

    • During this same period (by the end of December, 1900), Holzapfel & Beitel have begun building similar (though larger-bodied) 12-string guitars. They may have gotten the idea from first building double-course harp guitars.

    • Meanwhile, C. Bruno & Sons has also introduced a 12-strings-on-the-neck harp guitar, though not a simple, single-neck 12-string.

    • In addition, Bohmann builds a custom 10-strings-on-the-neck harp guitar by c.1900, and possibly as early as c.1895.  Bruno also built at least one 10-strings-on-the-neck harp guitar seemingly patterned after Grunewald’s 10-string headstock design. (The Wurlitzer Company actually built the only instrument truly representing the patent, but it can't be dated).

  • The 12-string Grunewald harp guitar continues to be advertised (in The Cadenza) and marketed through at least 1904. Meanwhile, Joseph Behee in Kansas had introduced his 12-string lyre guitars.

  • This continual visibility of the Grunewald instrument (first 10-, then 12-string version), through both The Music Trade Review and The Cadenza (the main “business” and “consumer” periodicals, respectively) feeds the awareness and interest of both musicians/customers and other manufacturers.

  • Independent of the Brown/Grunewald double-course “harp-guitars in name only,” builders of true harp guitars incorporate doubled courses in their extravagant creations (and perhaps only later transitioning this stringing over to single-neck guitars).

  • Holzapfel’s instruments and potential Italian “one-offs” inspire inspire the eventual Oscar Schmidt 12-strings, while Lyon & Healy (and others) make instruments like the parlor-size Grunewald but eschew the old “harp-guitar” naming gimmick, taking 10 and 12 strings on the neck into the mainstream.  The American 12-string guitar is established!

Early American 12-String Guitar Timeline
TMTR = The Music Trade Review weekly periodical 
Month/Year Brown Gordon Wurlitzer Grunewald Joseph Behee, Sr. Holzapfel & Beitel Bruno Bohmann Mexican?
Feb, 1896 Files patent for his 10-string "harp guitar"   Somewhere presumably within this period, Wurlitzer produced a 10-string instrument nearly identical to Gordon's woodcut and incorporating the string hook mechanism from Brown's patent.

It had the "Eugene Howard Maker" label .

Either they licensed the patent or, alternatively, they could have built this after the patent expired.

         Somewhere in this timeframe, he built a harp guitar with 10 strings on the neck (in Brown/Grunewald configuration) Provenance to be determined

v

v

v
Apr, 1896 An instrument is on display in a music store
Aug, 1896 TMTR publishes an extensive explanation of the invention
Sep, 1896 His patent is granted
Jun, 1897   TMTR announces "The Gordon Harp-Guitar" (licensed from Brown's patent)
Oct, 1897   TMTR announces the Grunewald harp guitar, licensed from Brown's patent
Jan, 1898 TMTR pictures the instrument, seen to be figure-8-shaped 
Apr, 1898 TMTR reports that the harp guitar is successful in Mexico and South America
Sep, 1898 TMTR reports that the harp guitar will be marketed in Cuba and Puerto Rico
?, 1900 Presumably still producing, and at some point in this timeframe, they switch from 10 strings to 12 Behee applies for his lyre guitar patent in April and receives it in December. His first instrument may have been a 12-string guitar. It definitely was by 1905. TMTR article about a 24-string harp guitar (with a likely 12-string neck)
c.1900 Built a 12-string (single neck, 6 course) guitar in 1900 and c.1900 built at least 2 harp guitars with 12 strings on the neck Built a 10-stringed neck harp guitar
late 1901 The 1901-1902 catalog introduces the "1901" harp guitar with 12-string neck  
Feb, 1902 Rented a new or used 12-string guitar Continued to produce it until at least 1914
Dec, 1902 Cadenza ad now shows 12-string version 12-strings from this period are known
Feb, 1904 Brochure postmark shows that the 12-string is still being marketed

Sidebar: "Natural Selection" & "Evolution"

August 2025

Frankly, when you think about it, it only makes sense that the 12-string guitar could only have evolved from the Carl Brown 10-string guitar.  Why?  Because of the octave stringing.

Even if one was not aware of the whole Brown > Grunewald history, the cause-and-effect seems like the only natural outcome.

It’s true that throughout history, for a multitude of practical and musical reasons, double-course stringed instruments have had unison pairing, octave pairing, or often specific combinations of both.

But the 20th century “12-string guitar” was a product of circa 1900 America, and specifically – a time of steel strings.  It wouldn’t have mattered if someone thought of the idea 125 years ago or not until today – the problem would have been exactly the same: What to do with those two high strings?

For probably all of these early makers, the whole point of the new steel-strung, jangly instrument was having the chimey octave pairs.  But when the builders got to the G string (fourth from the bottom) they hit a wall.  The next string (B) couldn’t be doubled with an octave higher string.  There was no metal wire thin and strong enough to handle it (and the same, obviously, for the higher E string).

Ergo, Brown, Gordon and Grunewald went as far as they could go – inventing and building what seemed obvious – a ten-string guitar, with just the low four courses doubled.  For the musical purposes of their intended “harp” or “octave-switching” effect (the latter done purposely with the thumb), there was no point in worrying about those last two strings.  They would just have to remain boringly normal outliers. 

It was only when some of the builders and players noted the tonal imbalance – that the top two strings were now too weak by comparison – that they finally doubled them; but of course, by necessity, they had to do so in unison.  As we do today.  Close enough; the American 12-string guitar was born!

Additional Observations:

What about 12-strings south of the border? What about Italian and other European immigrant influences?

I haven’t addressed the influence of Mexican or Latin American double-strung guitars of various types on the 12-string because, A) I’m not familiar with much of the provenance on the subject, and B) have a gut feeling that they weren’t as a big part of the story as has sometimes been implied.  But I really don’t know.  As I have mentioned a couple times above: from the provenance we have in hand – the editorial text of all the periodicals – it seems clear to me that even if some form of Mexican double-strung guitars were migrating back and forth along the southern border, general United States musical instrument wholesale/retail industry – and their customers – were all but completely ignorant about such Mexican or Latin American double-strung guitars; nor was anyone among them interested in, or familiar with, the history of double-strung Baroque, and other early, gut-strung guitars.  A “double-strung” guitar was a “completely new novelty” in 1900. I do find it curious that Lyon & Healy’s first catalog 12-string was lumped in with an unusual 11-string, both as “Mexican style” guitars.  I find it hard to believe that the firm was unfamiliar with the Grunewald instrument…perhaps because they realized that it was silly to call it “the harp-guitar” and were initially unsure how to market it?

I also hear occasional rumors of 12-strings by New York Italian makers, though have seen nothing dated. With the continuing discoveries on eBay and elsewhere of old catalogs, perhaps new surprises within dated catalogs will found.

Debate 1: The late Michael Holmes strongly disagreed with my above statement regarding the lack of recognition of Mexican double-strung instruments.  He suggested to "Check the records of imports in the Commerce Dept's annual reports.  To get a feel for cross-border influence you need to go to a folklorist from the Tex-Mex area.  That's not my area of expertise, but 40 years of presenting multi-cultural folk festivals have left me with a clear impression that players exchanged information back and forth, constantly."

I have no doubt Michael's observation was correct (and would be anxious to receive clear information from other researchers on this).  I just don't see any direct evidence that an exchange of musical instruments across the border influenced any of the major or minor North American manufacturers to create 12-string guitars, though it may have subtly helped increase the customer base for such instruments.  Judging by the evidence I show above, and especially aspects like the lack of instruments in Sears and Wards catalogs (which I mention below), I would conclude that the customer demand for 12-strings (or other "south of the border" instruments) was close to zero for quite some time; a novelty, if that.

Debate 2: My guitar PhD friend and colleague Matthew Hill is always reminding me of "osmosis" or the subconscious "Zeitgeist" of these things (similar inventions over and over in different parts of the world). He adds: "A link between Mexican double strung instruments, especially the bajo sexto/quinto and a German music retailer. There was a huge German influence in northern Mexico in the mid to late 19th century." Again, evidence is needed, and my same reply to Holmes applies.

We’re still left with two nagging questions, though important perhaps only to diehard American guitar historians or 12-string geeks: 

Until we find additional hard date provenance on Grunewald and H&B, I’d say the first question is a coin toss.  For now, I’d go with saying “both of them built their slightly different versions c. 1900.”  Regardless of future findings, I would still argue that Grunewald’s was far more visible to a wider audience, but that Holzapfel’s was (and instigated) a more “modern” instrument.  In other words, both are key figures – with Brown>Grunewald getting points for the earlier invention and evolution, while Holzapfel can claim an instrument worthy of today’s collectors and players.

However, my own personal pet theory (which cannot yet be discounted) is that the “first true (single neck, double course) American 12-string guitar” may not, in fact, have been our familiar single-neck 12-string guitar at all, but a Holzapfel & Beitel (or Bruno) harp guitar (the form with additional floating bass strings) with doubled courses on its neck.